Marine Barracks Attack

On May 30, 2003, CNN law center made a report, that the attack on the U. S. Marine barracks in Beirut, Lebanon, that killed 241 American servicemen was an example of a state-sponsored terrorist attack. The report goes on to say that U. S. District Judge Royce Lamberth ordered that the plaintiffs in this case – the servicemen wounded in the bombing and families of those killed, â€Å"†¦have a right to obtain judicial relief†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (see CNN. com, 2003). This piece of news is referring to an event that happened two decades ago and yet carried so much significance that even after twenty years a U. S.District Court deems it worthy of its precious time and resources. The event in question transformed the way the world view terrorism. More importantly the said event transformed the way the United States perceive the capabilities and commitment of a new breed of enemy that does not believe in or rely on conventional warfare. This paper will take a closer look into the bom bing. And to understand its context a part of the study will be devoted to into looking at other acts of terrorism that used the same modus operandi. Beirut, Lebanon In the year 1982, Lebanon was at war with Israel.It is an understatement to say that the country was war-torn. The situation was bad enough that it required the presence of Western soldiers to achieve peace and if this is not possible then at least creating a sense of order in the midst of chaos. In August of 1982 American soldiers came to Lebanon as part of the multi-national peacekeeping force, which included French, Italian, and British personnel. Yet according to Kushner, the peacekeepers had one other thing in mind and it was to negotiate a cease-fire between Lebanon and Israel (2003, p. 386). It was one of the costliest mistakes the U. S. government and its armed forces ever made.They were not welcome in Lebanon and their desire to end the war was seen as a ploy to help their ally the Israelis. So on the 23rd of O ctober 1983, on a beautiful morning, at about 6:20 AM, a yellow five-ton truck was carrying hundreds of kilos of explosives. The unsuspecting Lebanese guards who worked at a nearby checkpoint, â€Å"†¦did not notice that the bed of the Mercedes-Benz truck was pushed lower than it should have been. The truck was carrying a heavy load† (Olson, 2003, p. 4). For days the enemy has been pounding the airport with artillery fire but on this and the day before that all was peace and quiet.This prompted many marines to take a well deserved rest. While the truck was easing its way past the checkpoint most of the marines were asleep in the Battalion Landing Team (BLT) headquarters at the Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) compound (Olson, 2003, p. 6). The Mercedes truck was waved through and â€Å"†¦it proceeded southward at a steady pace along the airport road. To the driver’s right beyond the airport runway, lay the beautiful Mediterranean Sea. To his left ran iron fence t hat separated the road from the marine’s compound† (Olson, 2003, p. 6).Then without warning the suicide bomber driving the vehicle accelerated and made a mad dash to its intended target. The vehicle went crashing into the front door of the BLT buildings were hundreds of marines were sleeping. And then, â€Å"Twelve thousand pounds of dynamite detonated among the sleeping marines. The four-story building collapsed to eye level, and many who were not lucky enough to die instantly were buried under tons of rubble† (2003, p. 7). As a result of the attack Shai remarked, â€Å"Two hundred and forty-one people were killed and eighty were injured, most of which were U. S.Marines †¦ This terror attack took the heaviest toll on the United States prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001† and quoting the then commander of the U. S. Marines Corp General Kelly who twenty years ago said, â€Å"It was the largest terrorist act in the United States history †¦ the day became the Corps’ bloodiest since February 1945, when Marines fought to secure Iwo Jima† (Shai, 2005, p. 91). It is indeed difficult to grasp the significance of this event post-911. But before the September 11, 2001 attacks there was no precedence to the use of guerilla and suicidal tactics to achieve this kind of destruction.A member of the U. S. Marine Corp is considered to be creme de la creme of the U. S. Armed Forces and taking a few out without firing a single shot is considered very unfortunate. But in the car bombing there were not only a handful of marines that were eliminated, there were hundreds of them and it dealt a severe blow to the collective psyche of the American people and perhaps the peacekeeping team sent to Lebanon. It was later found out that the true perpetrators were coming from the Hizballah (Party of God) which according to a fact finding committee of the U. S. government is a:Radical Shia group formed in Lebanon; dedicated to creatio n of Iranian-style Islamic republic in Lebanon and removal of all non-Islamic influences from area. Strongly anti-West and anti-Israel. Closely allied with, and often directed by, Iran, but may have conducted rogue operations that were not approved by Tehran (see United States Department of State, 1993, p. 46). Car Bombs The modus operandi used here is of course a car bomb which can be a sedan, van or in this case a truck. It is a favorite method of inflicting severe damage. Shaul Shai asserts that the use of a car bomb has several advantages:†¢ A relatively large amount of explosives can be hidden inside a car and transported to the target. †¢ A car can prevent early detection because it blends in the background; cars, vans and trucks are a normal occurrence especially in a very busy area. †¢ The vehicle offers the attackers mobility and flexibility in choosing the target and reaching it. †¢ The vehicle enhances the lethal effect of the attack. †¢ The vehic le enables the arrival at the target under an innocent guise (2003, p. 15). When it comes to a terrorist attack there is nothing more frightening than the prospect of a car bomb being used against a target.Shai (2003) was correct in saying that a vehicle provides a disguise and place to hide the explosives while at the same time allowing the device to be moved from one place to the next. Detection is almost impossible unless the bomb maker or its accomplice would specifically point out the location of the vehicle. Imagine for a moment a car bomb parked outside a shop, outside a school, outside an office and no one would think twice that there is something wrong with that. Another advantage of a car bomb is the fact that it can be delivered to the target by surprise and moving the device very quickly from point A to point B.In the case of the Beirut bombing the truck was able to cover the relatively long distance from the airport gate – an area designated for the general publi c – to the restricted zone where the temporary barracks was situated. There is no other weapon for a suicide bomber that would have fit his requirements for this specific job. A truck was used not only to provide concealment of the explosive device but it also provides for ample space to store significant amounts of explosives. Also, a truck is one of the most common things that one can see in an airport.And finally a truck has an engine powerful enough to ram through reinforced gates and checkpoints and able to crash through doors. At the same time the bomber can get added protection from the more sturdier frame of a truck than a sedan. Moreover, a car bomb has one final advantage, â€Å"The preparation of a car bomb does not require any special infrastructure; any repair shop or garage can be used for these preparations† (2003, p. 15). With a car bomb a terrorist has a very flexible yet very powerful weapon and if they continue to use it and be successful with it the n they would be able to achieve their main goal which is to instill fear.Serious Intent The bombing of the U. S. Marines barracks was not an isolated case where a group suddenly decided to bomb an enemy outpost. It was a premeditated, calculated, and highly coordinated attack. In fact six months before the military barracks’ bombing a similar signature attack was successfully carried out in the U. S. Embassy in Beirut. On April 18, 1983 a Chevrolet pickup truck loaded with about 2,000 pounds of explosives sped through the gate of the Embassy in West Beirut and then rammed itself into the building (Kushner, 2003, p. 386). According to Kushner, the explosion killed 63 people, â€Å"†¦in a blast so powerful it shook the U.S. S. Guadalcanal, anchored five miles away† (2003, p. 386). After the U. S. Marine barracks bombing there was another attack using the same method of bombing the target. In less than a year from the said bombing – on September 20, 1984 †“ another car bomb was successfully detonated in the U. S. Embassy Ideology of Terrorism In all three attacks one can be see a pattern developing. The method used can be broken down into two major aspects. The first one is the use of car bombs and the second part is the use of suicide bombers. Together these two formed a new kind of enemy which is currently being labeled as terrorists.Terrorism is not a very easy thing to comprehend and at the same time a difficult concept that one can put a handle on. As they say, one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter is profoundly true in many respects. But there are still a few valid arguments that would separate the fanatics from a true soldier that is merely defending their homeland from a zealot who will even take pride in taking out non-combatants. In the case of the terrorists like members of the Hizbollah they attack those that are not even remotely interested in taking away their lands or their freedom.It is at this point when trying to decipher their actions is a mind boggling experience. This is perhaps the reason why the American soldiers stationed in Beirut at that time did not anticipate such savagery and suicidal intent because to their minds they were not their as oppressors but brokers of peace. And is it not that peace and goodwill are part of a universal language understood by all peoples of the world? Apparently the answer is no and it will take more than the scope of this paper to fully understand the enemy’s point of view.It is sufficient for the sake of this study to argue that the Americans made a very costly mistake. They approached the situation from a purely political standpoint. Lebanon was at war with Israel. So, they came in, putting lives and reputation on the line, being so sure that this would have been understood by the enemy as something worthy of respect, even admiration. But what they did not realize is the fact that there are heavy undercurrents opera ting just below the surface and it can be said that the American government was naive enough – at that point in time – not to understand all these.At that time the idea of fanaticism and radicalism was not fully understood. It has to be put in perspective that the nation of Israeli was still in its infancy. And this is a major issue that is driving the fanatics crazy; they do not want the existence of Israel in the Middle East. Now, here come the Americans with an offer to mediate between the two warring groups. Yet it was clear to all non-Israelis living in the Arab world that the Americans are partial to Israel. The American soldiers had no inkling that in these parts, no one saw them as peacekeepers but on the contrary they are enemy troops defiling a sacred land.It will be found out later that the attack was driven by ideology rather than a kind of nationalistic or ethnic motive driving the perpetrators. This is because the attack was state-sponsored not by Lebanon but by Iran (see CNN. com). According to Shai, the Marine barracks bombings was claimed to be the handiwork of the Islamic Jihad organization which was nothing more than a cover name for Pro-Iranian radical Shiite entities (2005, p. 91). Describing the attackers as a product of a movement or an ideology is not an accurate description.If one uses the argument of ideology then one should use Communism or Marxism as an example which is the struggle for an idea. Communists and Marxists would go to war for this idea and this is similar to what has transpired in the said attacks but there is something more to the suicide bombers than meets the eye. This is because they are not simply fighting for an idea but they are advancing a different kind of spirituality mixed with their own brand of politics. In fact it is difficult to see where politics end and where religion begins in the bombings that occurred in the 1980s and all those that followed subsequently.It is therefore more helpful to see the bombing from the perspective of some theorists like Tore Bjorgo who suggests that the perpetrators of the car bombings were terrorists and that they use methods or strategies of combat that, â€Å"†¦involves premeditated use of violence against (at least primarily) non-combatants in order to achieve a psychological effect of fear on others than the immediate targets† (2005, p. 2). These acts of terrorism are guided by a spiritual and political framework which makes it so difficult to anticipate and so hard to neutralize. Human nature is predictable, it is the preservation of ones own life.People will kill others for self-defense and they would even kill their friends for self-preservation but they will not offer their lives for others. In many instance a person will perhaps die trying to save someone but it is rare to see someone die to make a statement or to force others to do something. It is no wonder why the U. S. personnel were ill-equipped to neutralize a n ew type of enemy soldier that emerged in the battle grounds of the Middle East. The Aftermath From the definition above of terrorism one can say that the attack on the U. S. Marine barracks was unique because in a normal terrorist attack the targets are non-combatants.But in this case the terrorists were able to strike hard and fast against the intended target which are the soldiers. According to Shaul Shai, â€Å"One of the guidelines pertaining to the issue of suicide attacks require that the attack achieve exceptional results which can be applied as leverage for political or military changes, and inflict significant losses upon the enemy. In addition, the suicide terrorist must carry out his deed out of a sense of complete understanding and recognition regarding the value of his deed and his personal martyrdom† (2005, p. 91)Considering the above statement it can be argued that the terrorists responsible for the attack were indeed successful and that they achieved what they set out to do. With regards to the goal of creating leverage for political or military changes, Kushner – referring to the Embassy and Marine barracks attacks – alluded to how the terrorist group indirectly influenced the outcome of the political and military scenario. And Kushner wrote, â€Å"The double horror of these disasters led to a drop in public support of the U. S. military presence in Lebanon and hastened the withdrawal of U.S. and Western European troops from the country† (2003, p. 386). The attacks also achieved one of its primary goals which is to wage an effective psychological warfare over their enemies situated thousands of miles away. In a report to the former President Reagan, Vice-President George Bush made the following remarks, â€Å"Terrorism deeply troubles the American people. A Roper poll †¦ showed that 78 percent of all Americans consider terrorism to be one of the most serious problems facing the U. S. Government today †¦Ã¢ €  (Bush, 1987, p. 22).Conclusion The attack on the temporary U. S. Marines barracks on October 23, 1983 at Beirut, Lebanon was one of the deadliest ever. What makes it sadder is the fact that those who died were one of the best and brightest that the U. S. military forces could offer. They died not from combat but from the hands of a fanatical terrorist group that did not consider the fact that they came for peace. The Americans were given strict instructions on maintaining extreme tolerance. They were there to initiate a cease fire between Lebanon and Israel.For their noble efforts they were rewarded with a deadly car bomb that took 241 lives – most of them died in their beds without given a chance to defend themselves. The motivation is a crazy mix of politics, ideology, and religion. Conventional warfare is out of the question and the enemy is content in eliminating even non-combatants. In the case of the barracks bombing they felt double pleasure in knowing that they were not only able to take out American lives but also that they dealt a major blow to their primary targets which were the elite U. S. Marines.

A Talk About Oral English Teaching Problems and Solutions Essay

As a result, spoken language becomes more and more important. Nowadays, almost everyone knows the importance of learning English, it is taught as a compulsory subject at elementary school, secondary school and university in China. A lot of people consider that vocabulary is the key to learning English, so they prefer to memorize words as many as possible. It is true that one cannot communicate effectively or express his ideas in both oral and written forms without a sufficient vocabulary. However, we all know that the effect of learning language is marked by the students’ communication ability. There is a phenomenon which we called â€Å"Dumb English† in China, which means a large number of students can only read and write instead of speaking. Although vocabulary is an indispensable element in learning foreign language, a more important one is how to speak that language out. However, after several years of learning, students’ spoken English is also poor. They cannot express their thoughts in English in daily life. They are afraid of communicating with native speakers in English. What’s worse. They even cannot figure out what others say in English. Why did these phenomenons happen? Three reasons are introduced. The first one is that there are still many problems existing in spoken English teaching, such as absence of English learning environment, the Grammar-Translation Methods, and teachers paying much attention to vocabulary and grammar. The second one is the subjective reason: students are afraid of speaking English. They are scared of being laughed at by others if they say something wrong. There is a saying: â€Å"Practice makes perfect. † They are lack of practice, so their spoken English is poor. The third one is the objective reason, for example, the non-English environment, the different culture between China and western countries. This paper will only focus on the problems existing in spoken English teaching in High school and suggests some teaching strategies to deal with these problems to help improve students’ spoken English and communicative competence. Theoretical Framework 1 1. 1 The requirements of the New English Curriculum Standard The overall aim of the New English Curriculum Standard is to develop students’ overall language ability. Such abilities are grounded in the development of language skills, language knowledge, affects, cultural awareness and learning strategies. Language skills contain listening, speaking, reading and writing. And the requirements of speaking skills in junior high school advocate what students can do in the speaking process as following listed: the third level requires students can tell some simple and short stories. The fourth level requires students can use simple words to describe his own or others’ experiences with the teacher’s help. And the fifth level requires students can exchange ideas and complete tasks corporately. New English Curriculum Standard,2001). It has six designing principles: Firstly, it aims for educating all students, and emphasizes quality-oriented education. Secondly, it promotes learner-centeredness, and respects individual differences.

Christ Impact on My Life

CHRIST IMPACT ON MY LIFE Gary English Literature II April 7, 2013 CHRIST IMPACT ON MY LIFE How Christ has impacted my life is not really the question to ask. The better question would be how has Christ not impacted my life. Every since I gave my life to Christ everything has changed. In 2 Corinthians 5:17 it says â€Å"Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation: old things are passed away; behold all things have become new. † Now don’t get me wrong, this change didn’t completely happen overnight. When I decided to follow Christ I wanted to follow Him wholeheartedly.In the beginning it started with a hunger for His word. I couldn’t read or study enough to satisfy that hunger. If I was going to follow Christ then I would need to know exactly what I was suppose to know and do. What changes needed to be made in my life. Now you have to understand I grew up in church. I knew who all the characters were. I had heard all the stories in the bible as a kid, however that’s all it had ever really been to me was a story. When I got out on my own I tried to live my life and do things my way. I was now a 31 year old man with a wife and a six year old son of my own.I knew that there was more to life than what I had been doing. My wife had already been attending a church for about two years without me. I decided it was time to give it a shot. I started going to this church where the people didn’t just talk about living for Christ, they acted it out too. For the first time in my life I felt the love of Christ coming from other people. The more I read about this man, the one who left heaven, became flesh, and died for me, the more intrigued I became. I am the kind of person that if I am going to do something then I am all or nothing.I decided that if Christ would die for me then the least I could do was live for Him. Anything in my life that did not line up with the Bible I tried my best to get it out. Some things took time to stop and I did struggle some. The closer I got to Christ, the more joy I had. It is a feeling that is hard to explain to anyone who has not experienced it for themselves. There is just such a freedom in following Christ. I began to feel like I had a purpose and a calling in life. Since I started following Christ life has been so much more enjoyable.I found that things that were important to me before just wasn’t that important anymore. No matter what it is you are facing in life, Christ has the answer. In the seven years since I started following Christ a lot has happened. This journey hasn’t always been a walk in the park, but it has been so worth it. Even though there was not a major event that happened to me physically that day I gave Him my life; that day was probably the most important day of my life. This new life has giving me a whole new outlook on life. I see people the way Christ sees people. I want others to experience that kind of love.I dove head first into serving others as well. I have been a part of food distribution ministry called Angel Food Ministries were we handed out food that was purchased at a much discounted price. My wife and I have taught Sunday school classes for both youth and adults. We have also had the privilege of leading the youth group which was a huge blessing for me. I really have a heart for teaching young people about Christ and just helping them with life’s problems. I have led a bible study group for men as well as been the over-seer of a married couple’s ministry.I have even completed one year of Bible College. One of the main reasons I decided to go to college was so that I could get my degree and use it to help other people. I have big dreams for my future, but an even bigger God. In Philippians 4:13 it says â€Å"I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me. † I really believe that with Christ on your side that you can do anything. You just have to surrender to Him and acknowledge that you cannot do it on your own. I can’t say Christ has just impacted my life, because he didn’t just impact it, He gave me a new one.

Business Plan Proposal - Text Voting Services Business Essay

Business Plan Proposal - Text Voting Services Business - Essay Example In the provision of the services, the business intends to use delivery method and marketing so as to reach the population. It is a sole proprietor kind of business which will employ different individuals to accomplish the various roles. Since there is more need to improve on the delivery of information and quality by the lecturers, there is a need to use an efficient system capable of taking and integrating the data to provide timely overview of the level of effectiveness and satisfaction of the service delivered. The Services will be sold, delivered and repaired for organizations or individuals who wish to use them and are actually setting up the Services. Due to the high capital requirement due to the cost of acquiring and installing the software, more capital avenues will be explored to obtain the required capital and intense marketing to counter the already existing products and competitors in the market. Business Aims and Objectives The aim of the business is to become the overa ll market leader in the provision and maintenance of the electronic voting services system within its first year of operation (Oklahoma Small Business Development Center, The Business Plan, 2008). This will be achieved through the following objectives: To acquire a considerable market proportion from existing market competitors To develop a good customer relationship and establish a feedback mechanism to gather the views and improve on service delivery To provide quality Services and offer after sale services such as installation of the software and timely data analysis and delivery with clear interpretation. Market Information Target market The market for the product is defined by organizations and similar entities that need the services of such information management system and to establish their trends. The target market is therefore colleges, universities, the anticorruption groups, the statistical research companies seeking opinions from various quarters of the society and news rooms (Terjesen, & Frederick, 2006). This gives an existing market of considerable potential, and with organizations seeking to update their operations by seeking opinions of employees and customers, the market is bound to grow. Market size The market is one which is growing considering the ever increasing demand for institutions to keep in line with technology and remain relevant. The need for modern quality control mechanisms is on the rise daily and institutions can only provide quality if the obtain well analyzed feedback information. Competitors In the existing market, there are two main competitors who provide electronic voting services in TV and such related applications. A and B have been the only players in the market and have shared the market in the proportion of nearly half each. Company A provides the service through modern software and is therefore fast in delivering the feedback though there are cases of errors that arise due to the high speed and the ineffiency in t heir software. To this they give an error allowance of 5% on the range of results they provide. Based on this, most customers who prefer A’s services are more interested on speed while those interested in precision go for B’s services. The software provided by A is cheaper compared to that of B to large economies of scale enjoyed by A over B. The company orders

Business professional Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business professional - Essay Example I came to know that this condition is called as â€Å"gynecomastia† which means â€Å"female like breasts†. I was surprised to read that a significant population of the males in the US acquires gynecomastia at some point in their teenage. The condition sustains in some and recedes in the others with the passage of time. I came to know that the most authentic treatment for the gynecomastia is surgery. I decided to see a surgeon for more information with an intention to seek an amicable solution for my friend. This became the basis of my interview with the surgeon. In the 45 minutes of extremely informative interview, I saw a ray of light for my emotionally distressed friend. I searched for some famous surgeons practicing in this field. I came across some videos of Dr. Blau on the Youtube. I contacted Dr. Blau and seeked an appointment with him. He agreed to give the interview within a week. I reached Dr. Blau’s clinic on time. I had already prepared a set of questions to facilitate the discussion. I wanted it to be a semi-structured interview, in which I would have my questions answered, but would allow the surgeon to take the explanation to any level. I might find new questions along the way so as to make the interview all the more informative and useful. The questions I had prepared included; How long have you been serving in this field? What is gynecomastia? At what age does it start occurring? How does it occur? How common is it? Why does it occur? What can be done to keep it from occurring? Is it fatal? Can it be lived with? What are the options for the treatment of gynecomastia? Which of the treatments is the most cost effective? Which of t he treatments is the most effective? What is the ideal age for the treatment? Is the surgery painful? How long does it take to perform the surgery? How long does it take for the pain to relieve?

Human Resource Management and Development Case Study

Human Resource Management and Development - Case Study Example Currently, siemens has a staff of more than 400,000 employees. (Siemens Worldwide, n.d) Siemens recognizes that its employees are the key to its success. It thus concentrates on knowledge and learning. "Our corporate culture is defined by diversity, by open dialogue and mutual respect, and by clear goals and decisive leadership." The research on Siemens was done via an interview with the HRM manager of the Riyadh Office of Siemens, Saudi Arabia. He gave informative insight various aspects of HRM including recruitment, training and development, promotions, and salaries and benefits. According to the HRM manager interviewed, Siemens looks for employees who are innovative, and have the capability to come up with new and creative ideas and solutions. Innovation is the key to survival for a company such as this, as it faces fierce competition by numerous firms, e.g. ABB Ltd, General Electric Co., and Schneider Electric SA. (YAHOO Finance, 2008) Siemens carries out workforce planning which is similar to that of National Grid, as outlined in the Case "Developing skills in a large organization through training and development". ... Confidence; to put forward unconventional ideas and have the ability to argue in their favor. Ability to work effectively in a team; the candidate must be an active and productive team player. This can be gauged from past proffesional or academic experience. Leadership qualities Reaction to crisis situations; how will the candidate respond to an unexpected crisis, how fast will he/she take to bounce back, and will he/she be able to effectively lead others through trying times Technical skills; the candidates must be proficient in working with required Information Technology. All these qualities are important as they are believed to contribute to a competive advantage to the firm. Workforce Planning Siemens carries out workforce planning which is similar to that of National Grid, as outlined in the Case "Developing skills in a large organization through training and development". Siemens evaluates its workforce, and on the basis of that evaluation determines whether or not it has the required technical man power to achieve its objectives for a given period of time. If it does not, it either plans out a training program for its existing employees, or recruits new ones. Training Training for new recruits falls into two categories: 1. Fresh graduates with no professiona work experience udergo a training programme with lasts 12 months. 2. New recruits who hace had prior work experience in other organizations for a period of more than a year undergo traning for a period of 6 months. This training method is somewhat similar to the one carried out by Marks and Spencer's, as outlined in the Case "The role of training and development in career progression", in that they, too, have a specific training period

How to be a Good Parent Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to be a Good Parent - Research Paper Example Parents should be concerned in the activities of their children so that they know the behavioral changes and the reasons of these changes. In this way, parents can easily solve the problems of children (Steinberg, 2004). Parents should know their children’s likes and dislikes, such as what sport, what television show they want to watch, who their friends are and why they hang around them. Through this strong connection, they can learn about the children. Parent should tell the children what is right and what is wrong, what is good and bad for them. Parents should set limitations so and ensure their children understand what those limitations are. Mostly young and inexperienced parents do not know the behavioral changes of the children because they are inexperienced. According to the writers, young parents need assistance for identifying these changes so that their children will become confident and self reliant in their lives. Parents should observe the children’s behavi or and attitude keenly so that they can know their children's behavioral changes. In this way, they can easily know the problems that children are facing in the life. (Hawkins, 1972). Parents should have a friendly attitude with children so that they feel protective and comfortable in their parents company. In this way, whenever a child faces some problem, he or she firstly will tell their problem to their parents. In this way, they will secure crucial issues. The parents who created a comfortable environment between children and themselves will become more confident and self-reliant. (Kerr & Stattin, 2000). Selecting a child’s name is the first and most valuable gift that parents give to their children. Parents have to be... How to be a Good Parent The research paper consists of the children that are in between 2 to 16 years. In this age, considerable changes occur in children because this is the age in which developments is in ongoing position. Then parents have to be conscious while behaving wrongly in front of the children because they are in learning position (Fontenelle, 2001). In this research paper, I will discuss the facts of how can anyone be a good parent. Parents are focused because many of them do not know how to treat their children for their mental and physical growth. Raising a child is a tricky exercise and arguably, one of the hardest undertakings one must go through. To be a parent is difficult because parents have many duties and responsibilities that have to be fulfilled. If parent fulfill their duties and responsibilities, children can easily tackle with all types of problems of life in a better way. There are several techniques through which parents can easily understand the children behavior and attitudes . Parents should interact with their children to know their behaviors and attitudes in a better way. Because according to physiologists when we interact with our children, we teach them behaviors (Fontenelle, 2001). Literature Review Every behavior effects on their mental and physical development. Through this research, I have seen same behaviors between children of between 2 to 16 years old children in America. Behaviors are the most important element to judge and know to any other person.

Intelligent Buildings Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Intelligent Buildings - Assignment Example There is another aspect, however, to the design of the modern structure which today is discussed in terms of its use and how well humans who occupy it feel about it from a sensory perspective. From much of what has been written, the modern view of design must adhere as much to its function and it does its aesthetic appearance and usefulness in offering itself as a pleasing place to be. The intelligent building then must be a ‘multi-sensory experience’ (Clements-Croome, 2004, p. 58). We do not 'see' or perceive our environment only with the eyes, but with all senses. It is the job of the architect to acquiesce to those senses and create building designs that are more than warehouses—buildings that encourage from its occupants an emotional and natural interpretation of their environment through the interactive workings of the senses. The Multi-Sensory Perspective While speaking of aesthetics in architecture it is interesting to note that while the term technically a pplies to visual pleasure, in our field we are also speaking about the senses-- auditory, tactile, olfactory, thermal, and even kinesthetic. And while current thinking today favours a holistic or multi-disciplinary approach to building design, the same applies to the multi-sensory approach to design that in the end most affects the building’s occupants or users as well as those who view it. There are examples of this in many older buildings. ‘The delicate composition of the architectural elements in the Residence of the Middelheimpark, in Antwerp...creates an intensely poetical effect: a single tone, white, brings about a wide range of greys and creates optically intriguing effects’ (Farmer & Louw 1993, p. 320). So when the term aesthetics is used it is predominantly referring to the goal of an all-around positive aesthetic experience through all of the senses, often occurring in esoteric ways that must be carefully considered in the design process. Hands and ski n feel texture as pleasing or not; visionary sense elicits other sensory reactions; odours, as we have all experienced, may illicit memories of events and times, such as cooking smells make us think of our mothers’ kitchens. As Clements-Croons (2004: 63) found, ‘The human senses are extraordinarily sensitive, and it is through them that we experience life wherever we are’. From a psychological and spiritual perspective, it can not be emphasized too strongly that people, through their senses. need the stimulation of a pleasing well-considered environment. Buildings, viewed in a philosophical context then provide a high level of stimulation—stimulation that not only presents a pleasing result but a spiritually uplifting one metaphorically similar to those experienced in nature. This animation of the architectural experience is not unlike the lift of spirit one experiences through the senses when viewing a good piece of art. As a necessary life element, such experiences are crucial and as such sensory architectural details ‘should always be given high priority’ (Clements-Croons 2004, p. 58). Space, Sensory Perception and the Human Psyche In the words of filmmaker Murray Grigor, ‘To comprehend architecture, one needs to move through its spaces. After all, that’s how we all experience buildings, inside and outside: we walk,

Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example When prosecuting a case at trial, you must be ready to defend it as admissible since according to the law the rule of co-conspirator exists, so long as there is independent evidence showing that the conspiracy exist and the two conspirators was present. In child sexual abuse case, some hearsay exceptions are relevant during the trial; courts normally but into consideration excited utterances said by an individual immediately after the bad experience as reliable hearsay. Individual statements or actions made to medical practitioners for reasons of treatment are allowed as reliable hearsay. It is believed that children seeking for treatment see the doctors hence they tell them the truth about their problem (Utah bar journal, 2002). Child sexual abuse cases sometimes take years to go for trial and by then the child might have forgotten or she might no longer remember clearly the details of what happened since she might have made tremendous progress in recovering from the trauma and may be she no longer wants to be reminded. Sometimes even parents may not want the children to be reminded about the bad situation they encountered

Unseen Commentary Essay Example for Free

Unseen Commentary Essay Old mother and her mother-in-law have a poor relationship as they are unable to communicate with each other well. Old mother’s mother-in-law felt that Old Mother was ‘incapable’ of giving birth to males. Thus Old Mother’s mother-in-law deemed Old Mother as one who was infertile and unable to produce any male children to the family. Therefore showing that Old Mother’s mother-in-law looked down upon Old Mother as she did not have much confidence in Old Mother to achieve her mother-in-law’s expectations of a daughter-in-law. Old Mother calls her mother-in-law as ‘the old haughty one’. This implies that Old Mother’s mother-in-law was arrogant. Thus to call someone arrogant shows that the person is proud and snooty, therefore difficult to maintain a good relationship as Old Mother’s mother-in-law despises old Mother. Old Mother also describes her mother-in-law as one with a ‘poisonous tongue’. This shows that her mother-in-law often criticises Old mother and often, these criticism are hurtful. Hence, it is difficult to maintain a good relationship when there is constant criticism of each other and lack of respect for one another. Old mother and her sister-in-law have a strained relationship as they are faced with the competition of being the ideal daughter-in-law with the best children. Old Mother experienced ‘bitter humiliation’ from her sister-in-law. Thus Old Mother was embarrassed by sister-in-law as they both were competing for their other-in-law’s favour by having the healthiest sons. This shows that through the competition between the two, Old Mother’s sister-in-law had done some things to purposely disgrace Old Mother thus straining their relationship. Also, Old Mother describes her sister-in-law to be ‘as spiteful as a snake’. This shows that sister-in-law as mean to Old Mother and was unpleasant towards Old Mother. Thus showing the stiff competition in the family to produce healthy sons in which caused Old Mother and her sister-in-law to be mean to each other. Also, Old Mother made many comparisons between her sons and the sons of her sister-in-law’s. One comparison made was that Old mother’s three sons were ‘healthy boys’ while her sister-in-laws son was ‘a sickly puny one’. Therefore the rivalry between old mother and her sister-in-law had resulted in a strained relationship. The relationship between Old Mother’ mother-in-law and sister -in-law is similar to that of old Mother and her mother-in-law. But here, mother-in-law is less pleased with sister-in-law’s son who was thin and small. Mother-in-law ‘spoke sharply’ to Second sister-in-law as her son was small. This shows that mother-in-law was unsatisfied with Second sister-in-law for giving birth to such an unhealthy child. When mother-in-law compared Old Mother’s son with Second sister-in-law’s son, she ‘clucked her tongue in disapproval’. Thus shows that mother-in-law is disappointed that Second sister-in-law did not raise her son to be healthy. Thus resulting in mother-in-law to despise Second sister-in-law and criticising her. Also, Second sister-in-law became ‘silent with resentment’. This shows that Second sister-in-law is offended by mother-in-law’s comparison of old Mother’s and her sons. Thus with anger boiling up in Second sister-in-law, she is unable to maintain a good relationship with mother-in-law as it would always lead to the comparison of the sons. ii. Old Mother is competitive and loves to win which creates a sense of intimidation in the readers. Old Mother let out a ‘gleeful chuckle’ when she remembered how her son was much better than Second sister-in-law’s. Old Mother had made a comparison between Second sister-in-law’s son who was older than Old Mothers second son but was only half the size. Old mother was glad and had felt that she had victory over Second sister-in-law. Hus showing how winning can bring about pride to Old Mother, hence old mother is competitive and delights in winning. Old Mother ‘chuckled in malicious triumph’ when Second sister-in-law’s son was criticised by mother-in-law while Old mother was praised for taking good care of her son. Thus old Mother was competitive and was elated that mother-in-law was in her favour. But Old Mother’s triumph was malicious, which was hateful thus creating a sense of intimidation as Old Mother’s aggressiveness is rev ealed. Old Mother kept recollecting the past of her winning Second second-sister-in-law and when mother-in-law was pleased with her. Old Mother’s health is ailing as her health had deteriorated over the years. Old Mother’s was ‘once robust’ but now she is resting in a hospital. This shows that old Mother was not as healthy and strong as she used to be. Thus she needs the help of nurses to take care of her so that she could be comfortable. Old Mother had ‘shrunk pitiably’ shows that she became very weak and her health had worsened a lot and she had shrivelled up to a pitiful sate. Thus showing that old mother has lost her health and most probably had contracted a disease which led to her being shrunk to such a state. Old Mother was ‘not in pain’ as she rested in the hospital. This shows that old Mother is not feeling any pain as her health is getting worse. But it may also imply that Old Mother was in pain previously before entering the hospital. The writer used repetition to convey the feelings and impressions of Old Mother to me. The repeated use of the ‘old haughty one’ to describe mother-in-law by Old Mother shows how much Old Mother despises mother-in-law’s criticism towards her. The criticism by mother-in-law had caused old Mother to be motivated to bear healthy sons into the family so that it would please mother-in-law. Thus, by pleasing mother-in-law of producing three healthy sons, Old Mother has ‘won’ her competition against mother-in-law. Old mother also repeatedly remembers the times whereby mother-in-law compares her children with that of Second sister-in-law’s. These comparisons shows old Mother’s competitiveness as she feels the pride of winning Second sister-in-law by having the more ideal grandson.

Comparison Between BCS And ACM

Comparison Between BCS And ACM This report intends to summarize British computer society Code of Conduct and comparing it with different codes of conduct that has a significant in fact in IT profession. However Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is important in IT profession because it dedicates in advancing technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity (ieee.org, 2010). And Association for computing machinery (ACM) is also important because it is able to advance computing as a science and a profession (acm.org, 2010). Moreover, all the codes of conduct mentioned are found relevant to the case study which will be discussed in detail in the report. The report is going to describe how the professional codes of conduct comply and how it does not comply with the case study below. Furthermore, the report breaks down the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis which talks about the strength and weakness of the case study in detail. The report covers all the important of code of conduct in the case study and the factors that influence the strategic as well as the day-to-day operation of the case study. Finally the reports reflective analysis explored how all the aspects of the research are conducted. Code of conduct The code of conduct simply defines as a set of regulatory rules of professional conduct which has been adopted by the Board (Merritt, R. 2008). Impact of code of conducts Codes of Conduct have a significant impact within the IT profession. They maintain the level of professionalism and ensure that IT professionals, their employers and the public at large have a clear idea of the expected standards of the profession. For example, it is unlikely that an employer could sack an IT Professional for failing to carry out work which the employee could demonstrate was unethical in terms of a code of conduct. If an employee was sacked under these circumstances, he/she would be able to demonstrate to an Industrial Tribunal that they had adhered to the Code of Conduct while the employer had failed to do so. (sqa.org, 2010). British computer society(BCS):- Describes the professional standards of practice relating to the contemporary multifaceted demands found in information technology (IT).It applies to members of all grades, including students and affiliates, and also non-members who offer their expertise as part of the BCS Professional Advice Register.(bcs.org,2010). The Codes governs the personal conduct of individual members of the BCS, who are requested to notify the Society of any significant violation by another member. Any breach of the Code brought to the attention of the Society is considered under the BCS Disciplinary procedures.(bcs.org,2010) The following are main areas that BCS covered Duty to the Profession:- All Members of the BCS code of conduct should be able to have a wider responsibility to promote public understanding of IT its benefits and drawbacks, encourage and support fellow members in their professional development and, where possible, provide opportunities for the professional development of new members, particularly student members and uphold the reputation and good standing of the BCS in particular.(bcs.org,2010) Duty to Relevant Authority:- As a Member of the BCS code of conduct you should be able to avoid any situation that may give rise to a conflict of interest between you and your relevant authority.(bcs.org,2010) Professional Competence and Integrity:- As a Member of the BCS code of conduct you shall seek to upgrade your professional knowledge and skill, and shall also maintain awareness of technological developments, procedures and standards which are relevant to your field and encourage your subordinates to do the same.(bcs.org,2010) The Public Interest:- In your professional role you shall have regard for the public health, safety and environment, you shall have regard to the legitimate rights of third parties and conduct your professional activities without discrimination against clients or colleagues.(bcs.org,2010) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) code of conduct:-IEEE is one of the worlds largest professional associations dedicated to advance technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity. IEEE and its members inspire a global community through IEEEs highly cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities. (IEEE.org, 2010). The following are examples of the IEEE code of conduct. (IEEE.org, 2010). To accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment. (IEEE.org,2010). To maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualified by training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations. (IEEE.org,2010). To treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin; To assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in following this code of ethics. To reject bribery in all its forms; Association for computing machinery ( ACM) is also one of the worlds largest educational and scientific computing society, delivers resources that advance computing as a science and a profession. ACM provides the computing fields premier Digital Library and serves its members and the computing profession with leading-edge publications, conferences, and career resources. (ACM.org, 2010) The following are examples of what the ACM code of conduct covers.(ACM.org,2010) Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and dignity in both the process and products of professional work. Excellence is perhaps the most important obligation of a professional. The computing professional must strive to achieve quality and to be conscious of the serious negative consequences that may result from poor quality in a system.(ACM.org,2010) Acquire and maintain professional competence. Excellence depends on individuals who take responsibility for acquiring and maintaining professional competence. A professional must participate in setting standards for appropriate levels of competence, and strive to achieve those standards.(ACM.org,2010) Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work. ACM members must obey existing local, state, province, national, and international laws unless there is a compelling ethical basis not to do so. Policies and procedures of the organizations in which one participates must also be obeyed. .(ACM.org,2010) Accept and provide appropriate professional review, quality professional work, especially in the computing profession, depends on professional reviewing and critiquing. Whenever appropriate, individual members should seek and utilize peer review as well as provide critical review of the work of others. .(ACM.org,2010) Comparison between BCS and ACM. Both the BCS and ACM are design to guide ethical decision making (7th pacific Asia Conference, 2003) They provide little assistance in the identification and resolution of ethical dilemma as they both tends to be national in scope by increasing the complexity of international decision making for IS practitioners. They both have to take responsibility for maintaining professional competence. They both maintain the level of professionalism and ensure that IT professionals, their employers and the public at large have a clear idea of the expected standards of the profession. Both the BCS and ACM are responsible for the ethical regulation of computer professionals. Comparison between BCS and IEEE They both improve the understanding of technology. They both maintain and improve their technological competence. They both assist their colleagues and co-workers in their professional. They are both committed to improving the competitiveness between companies Case study Wirral is one of the Britains leading component manufacturers. It has over 500 branches around the world with more than 1500 staff and many business activities. All the business activities are well supported by IT systems. More over the company was earlier a family business in Ellesmere Port Cheshire in 1960s.It started as a radio and television repair business. And eventually, the company was able to set up its own manufacturing operations and began to expand into other areas that include supplying of components and assemblies for mainframe and mini computers. The company is able to submit a successful bid for government contracts for the supply of radar equipment and weapons guidance systems in 1980s. And recently submitted a bid to supply hardware component for the proposed national identity card system. Meanwhile the company now grew to accommodate its growing market with euro trailers and European motor ways. The following are companys business activities. -Manufacture and assembly of components -Engineering drawing production maintenance -Sales Order Processing (SOP) incorporating barcode product identification -Purchase Order Processing (POP) -Warehousing Goods inward/outward -Accounts/invoicing -Marketing -Quality control -Personnel payroll Applications of code of conducts The company most keep their customers data safe by referring to BCS code of conduct that states that company should have regards to the public health, safely and environment All members of the company should seek to upgrade their skill, and shall maintain awareness of technological developments, procedures and standards. According to BCS. All members of the company should assist their colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in following IEEE codes of ethics. Referring to IEEE, all the members should treat fairly all people regardless of such factors as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin. The company individuals should take responsibilities for acquiring and maintaining professional competence. According to ACM. As the companys business activities are supported with IT system, Fell et al. (2007, p.62) Computer Misuse act 1990 should be use in order to protect unauthorized access and data modification. Data Protection is also applicable to the case study because it will enhance privacy protection of the data that is outsourced to third party.(Hepple et al.2000, p.1011). Compliance and Noncompliance. Compliance If the company compliance with the above code of conducts, It will be able to maintain its level of professionalism and ensure IT standard in the company. If the company compliance with the above code of conducts, It will help the top level management in making good decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the staff of the company. If the company compliance with the above code of conducts, the company will be able to maintain and improve their technical competence. If the company compliance with the above code of conducts, It will be able to reject bribery in all its forms. If the company compliance with the above code of conducts, All the members of the company will be able to obey the existing and and new laws of the company if there is any. Noncompliance If the company did not comply with the above code of conducts it can cause bribery within the company or might let someone out of the company to access their customer information which can lead the company to lose their customers due to lack of good principles and rules to follow. It can also cause the company to lose their customers when the customers realise there is no good code of conduct that will protect their interest. Members of the company may lack professional development if the company did not comply with the code of conduct because the code of conduct will assist all the members of the company. The members of the company can disorganise by not complying with the above code of conduct that states, to treat fairly all members regardless of race, religion, gender, disability, age or national origin. Exploration of the legal, ethical and social factors of Wirral Company. Below is a table that shows an SWOT analysis of WCM, PRIMO-F SWOT analysis is basically a tool that is used to measure the street and weakness of an organisation. The following is (PRIMO-F) analysis and Strengths and weakness that will help the Wirral Company to achieve its objectives. Strengths Weaknesses People The company has a good number of staffs as it has more than 1500 staffs. People The staffs have limited skills as they cant provide enough information about the company. Resources The company has resources as it can have more than 500 branches. Resources Often all the resources they have third party operating on their department. Innovation Ideas The company grew to accommodate its growing market. Innovation Ideas The company has low creativity and Initiatives Marketing WCM has very good relations with its external agents who work on commission. Marketing The company need to enhance its marketing strategy. Operations WCM company is using an in house software in its day-to-day activities to achieve its objectives. Operations WCM need to review its objectives Finance WCM has Personnel/Payroll and Accounting/Invoicing. Finance WCM need to be monitoring account department as its operated by third party. Opportunities Threats Technology development and Innovation? Global influences? New markets, vertical, horizontal? Niche target markets? Geographical, export, import? New USPs? Tactics: eg, surprise, major Contracts? Business and product development? Political effects? Legislative effects? Environmental effects? IT developments? Competitor intentions various? Market demand? New technologies, services, ideas? Vital contracts and partners? Sustaining internal capabilities? 12. EPISTLE ANALYSIS (rapidbi.com, 2010) Economic Taxes specific to product and services Production level Interest rates Currency values Energy costs Political Government policies Politic culture Legislation Global political events Alliances Information Empowering people by technology Transference of technology Business Information secrecy. Social Demographics Major events and influences Life style changes Social attitudes Corporate social image Purchasing habits Technological Computing technology. development. New technologies. Access to technology. Develop new product Facilities competitive advantage Legal Competitive regulations. Consumer protection. Laws apply to the computing profession. Environment Environmental regulations. Global factors. Global warming Natural disaster. People Skills, motivations, ideas and communication REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS In conducting my research work I have done a lot of research in finding resources that are relevant to the case study although the case study does not have enough information, the wide research I had made has helped me to understand the basic and important of code of conduct not only to the case study but to business in general. I use several examples of case studies that are related to the case study and so many resources. The resources I used are internet, e-books, library books and lectures slides that are up to date, reliable, supportive, creative and accurate (CARS). Although is not all the resources that I read that I find useful to the case study but I still use them in my bibliography list. I conducted lots of research before I found resources that are relevant to my EPISTLE analysis. Therefore I made full use of resources available to me whilst writing my report which will be found in my references list. If I were to improve my report, I will do more practical research by arranging a work experience placement in such a way that it will benefit me with good working experience. Moreover, so far with this research work I believe I will be able to suggest a good SWOT and EPISTLE analysis to a company. Finally I will strongly recommend the Wirral Wirral Component Manufacturers Ltd (WCM) should comply with code of conducts because it will maintain its level of professionalism and ensure IT standard in the company, It will help the top level management in making good decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the staff of the company and also let the members of the company to respect the companys rules and regulations. REFERENCES ACM [on line access 22nd Aug 2010] Available at http://www.acm.org/about/code-of-ethics/#sect4 Bain, D.(2004) Introduction to computer law.5th ed.United kingdom. BCS [on line access 30th Aug 2010] Available at http://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/conduct.pdf Fell, J et al.(2007) IT Law: An ISEB foundation.United Kingdom Hepple, A et al.(2000) Tort: Case and Materials.5th ed.London England. Impact of code of conducts [on line access 7th Sept 2010] Available at http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/ProfIssues03CD/page_02.htm IEEE [on line access 2nd Sep 2010] Available at http://www.ieee.org/index.html Merritt, R.(2008) Code of Conduct. New york. Swot-analysis [on line access 12nd sept 2010] Available at http://www.businessballs.com/free_SWOT_analysis_template.pdf Swot-analysis [on line access 7nd sept 2010] Available at http://rapidbi.com/created/SWOTanalysis.html

Sociological Perspectives On Education Education Essay

Sociological Perspectives On Education Education Essay Education is the key to achieving sustainability. Sustainable education or Education for Sustainable Development encompasses three main areas: the environment, society and the economy (Pace, 2010). ESD is meant to inculcate ideals and values about key sustainable issues such as poverty reduction, environmental protection, human rights, health, gender equality, sustainable livelihoods and so on. The basic concept of ESD entails helping people to develop the right attitude and knowledge to facilitate decision-making and create a better future for themselves and others (UNESCO, 2011). For the last decade, there has been increasing pressure on educators to incorporate concepts and values of Sustainable Development in the curriculum. Consequently, it has become crucial for educators to be knowledgeable and fully committed to making SD an integral part of all curricular activities (Lozano-Garcia al., 2008). Formal educational systems, at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels, have considerable social and economic roles vis-Ã  -vis the society. However, the issue of private tutoring has not been subject to much attention until recently. Private tutoring has been found to carry major social and economic implications. Recent years have brought about changes in the forms and impacts of tutoring. Moreover, private tutoring has been given ample consideration and is not merely viewed as an informal activity (Bray, 2009). Private tutoring helps the student to acquire knowledge and later use his know-how to contribute to economic development. On a social front, it allows for interactions between peers. It is also a means of generating incomes for tutors. More basically, private tutoring enables students to better grasp lessons which they did not understand previously. Nevertheless, private tutoring also has some negative implications. For instance, it emphasizes social and economic inequalities and can also limit childrens leisure time which can have undesirable effects on the latters social and psychological well-being, and thus affect the overall academic performance (Bray, 2009). Tutoring can be difficult to measure because it varies across cultures. Tuitions can be given individually, to a whole class or even via the internet. Moreover, some students may receive tutoring in all subjects, while others receive it in only specific ones. According to Silova, private tutoring has become a major enterprise since the 1990s (Bray, 2009). In this regard, private tutoring can become a tool to inculcating a sustainable lifestyle to present and future students. Sustainable Development entails changing peoples behavior to ensure that they adopt a sustainable path for the future. Sustainability is about securing resources and retaining future benefits. Education thus plays an important role in providing lifelong opportunities and in enhancing the quality of the learning process. Education can bring about changes in norms, values and interests which can significantly influence peoples behavior (Wong, 2003). Private tutoring can thus create an improved learning environment for both students and tutors. It can remove the traditional boundaries to create a sustainable way of doing things (Lipscombe et al., 2008). However, this would require genuine effort and commitment from the part of policy planners and educators, in creating a new paradigm which values the need to attain and maintain social, economic and ecological well-being (Sterling, 2008). 1.2 Problem Statement Private tutoring is in itself not a bad alternative. In fact, many students do actually benefit from it. However, out of the 40% of students who fail the CPE exams annually, the issue of private tutoring has yet again resurfaced (Le Mauricien, 2011). According to Kadress Pillay, former minister of education, Right now, private tuition is a jungle (Prayag, 2011). Others go to the lengths of saying that private tuition is a disease in the Mauritian culture. This statement probably stems from the fact that private tuition is a must, irrespective of the level of education. To start with, parents ensure that children have the best private tuition teacher at the beginning of the school year (Varma, 2005). This issue may or may not have been previously discussed with the child. While there are teachers who can manage to have a class of 40 in their garages for private tuitions, some teachers have a limit of 4 to 15 at a time. Some teachers are very committed to their profession and wont charge a cent, however nowadays private tutoring is mostly business (Chady, 2011). But more importantly, we should concern ourselves with students actually acquiring some sort of lifelong knowledge through these private tuition sessions instead of learning restricted to passing exams only. In addition, students have been found to be excellent throughout their academic career, but unable to cope with other spheres of real life, for instance work, socializing, etc. The concept Maurice Ile Durable was introduced in 2008 by Dr. Navin Ramgoolam as a means to ensure Sustainable Development of the country. This new concept will be the key driver to transforming the country into an intelligent nation state (Maurice Ile Durable, 2011). Education for sustainability can sensitize Mauritians mainly through schools. This would however require a review of the current education system in terms of the curriculum and opportunities for the development of the child. The successful integration of this concept would also largely depend on the collaboration of the government and educational institutions in promoting extra-curricular activities like music, sports and arts. Moreover, learning should be geared towards creating awareness of economic, social, political and ecological issues, rather than the focus being solely on academic subjects. 1.3 Aims and Objectives Aims The aim of this study is to evaluate whether private tutoring contributes to Education for Sustainable Development in Mauritius. Objectives The objectives of the study are listed below: To produce a comprehensive Literature Review To assess how private tutoring is carried out in Mauritius To determine the impacts of private tutoring on students To evaluate students views and expectations of private tutoring To determine whether private tutoring actually contributes to sustainable education To evaluate how private tutoring can be improved in this regard 1.4 Research questions: Does private tutoring actually benefit the student? What is being done to inculcate a sustainable lifestyle at school? What are students views on ESD? Are students prepared for a sustainable future? Does the current education system promote ESD? 1.5 Dissertation Flow Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 2 basically gives an overview of the practice of private tutoring across countries and its particular contribution to Education for Sustainable Development. Moreover, a thorough explanation will be provided on the concept of Sustainable Development and the importance attributed to education in achieving sustainability. Finally emphasis will be laid on the Mauritian context, more specifically on the introduction of the concept Maurice Ile Durable. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter outlines the methods used to conduct the research and the variables that have been taken into account while designing the questionnaire. It also elaborates on the sampling method, data collection technique and the obstacles encountered while conducting the research. Chapter 4 : Data Analysis The data gathered from the survey has been analyzed and presented in a more practical form in this chapter. This will help to get a clear picture of whether private tutoring actually contributes to Education for Sustainable Development. Chapter 5: Results Discussion This chapter is an extensive discussion of the results obtained through the questionnaire survey in terms of the theory and observations made throughout the research. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations This chapter summarizes the findings and results of the study. It also recommends some measures that can be undertaken to improve the current situation. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Sociological perspectives on Education In a more general sense, education is one aspect of the socialization process. It involves learning and acquiring a set of skills. Education also, directly or indirectly, helps to shape a persons belief and moral values (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007). Education was hard to define in non-literate societies. However, the young would learn and imitate adult behavior by joining social groups. Such behaviors for instance, entailed boys accompanying their fathers to hunt and girls assisting their mothers for the cooking. Educational institutions slowly developed in pre-industrialized countries with the specialization of the role of the teacher. It was only after industrialization that formal education was provided to the large mass (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007). Sociologists and educators have different views on the functions of education. Two main theories debate on these functions : The functionalist theory and the conflict theory. Functionalist perspectives According to Durkheim (1961), the main function of education is to transmit societal norms and values. He argues that the school serves a function that the family or peers cannot provide. The school is a medium where skills and knowledge can be contextually provided. Moreover, the child interacts with others while abiding by some fixed set of rules. This eventually prepares the latter for interactions in society based on societal rules (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007). According to Talcott Parsons (1961), the school acts as a bridge between the family and society, thus preparing the child for his future role. The school treats the child in terms of universalistic standards, which are applied to all. It also prepares the child for the transition to adulthood and each pupil should achieve his own status. Status is achieved based on merit, whereby achievement is usually measured by performance in examinations. Parsons saw the educational system as a means to select individuals for their future roles. Thus schools enable pupils to match their talents and skills to the jobs for which they are best suited (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007). Conflict perspectives From a conflict perspective, education serves the interests of the powerful at the expense of the less powerful. According to Bowles and Gintis (1976), education benefits the capitalists by providing them with a more productive workforce. They believe that education shapes the future workforce by creating more docile and passive workers. Moreover, school is used as a mechanism of control whereby teachers can monitor students by giving orders (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007). More importantly, teachers impose their knowledge, thus students get little satisfaction from studying. This is not surprising that many children do not enjoy schooling, but instead seek satisfaction from external rewards, that is results at the end of their studies. Like in the world of work, according to Bowles and Gintis, the worker enjoys no fulfillment, but instead toils based on the capitalists desire for maximum profit (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007). 2.2 The private tutoring phenomenon Private tutoring is defined as tutoring in academic subjects which is provided for financial gain and which supplements the provisions by mainstream schooling. In England, private tutoring refers to face-to-face tutoring usually in the home of the student (Ireson and Rushforth, 2004). In Egypt, private tutoring refers to the classes that take place in the afternoon during the week-ends, in line with the school syllabus geared towards helping the pupil improve his performance or results (Hartmann, 2008). Private tuitions had a major role to play in learning for many young people. In England, parents started to select tutors more precisely during the 18th century. In the past, private tutoring was basically a hidden market, therefore very little information was gathered on the matter (Tanner et al., 2009). However, during the last decade, private tutoring has reached a whole new dimension and has caught the attention of many analysts. It has evolved in a vast enterprise which involves thousands of people and carries huge economic implications (Bray, 2007). Private tuition is commonly referred to as shadow education. This metaphor, according to Mark Bray (2009) is very appropriate in the sense that private tuition exists because of the already existing mainstream education system. Secondly private tuition changes as the education system changes. Third, more importance is given to the mainstream globally than to the shadow. Finally, the features of the shadow are more or less invisible. The shadow is generally criticized for its dominance over the lives of pupils and their families. But we should note that the world has become a global village and is more knowledge-based. Countries compete for the best workforce, which is determined by high levels of education. Since completing secondary education and even becoming a university graduate provides no guarantee against unemployment, the best a family can do is provide good education to their children at all cost. According to a study in England by Ireson and Rushforth (2005), around one quarter of students received private tuitions firstly in mathematics, followed by English and thirdly science. Students had received tuitions in these prevalent subjects at some point in time during both primary and secondary levels. A student receiving private tuition is heavily dependent on the level of education and working status of the parents. For instance, parents who were university graduates were more likely to employ a tutor for their kid compared to those who received a school education. A much recent survey indicated that a child receiving private tuition was also dependent on the household income. In addition, despite wanting to pay for tuitions for their kids, some parents were unable to afford the high tuition fees (Tanner et al., 2009). In Vietnam, 76% of students are tutored privately. This can be explained by a shift from a centrally-planned economy to a market-driven economy since 1986. This saw the rapid expansion of the private tuition market. Both children and parents aspired for good qualifications to open new paths for higher education, thus better jobs. The curriculum reforms in Vietnam caused the demands on students to be much greater than they were in the past (Dang, 2011). The private tuition industry is difficult to measure because it is rather complex and varies across cultures. Private tuitions also take a variety of organizational forms. These include high profile agencies and low profile teachers who dont necessarily advertise their services. This could also explain why there is no specific requirement for teachers to practice (Tanner et al., 2009). 2.3 Different forms of private tutoring While school prevails as the main form of education, private tuition has reached a whole new dimension globally. However the practice of private tutoring is beyond government control. According to a study by Bray, private tutoring extends to almost every regions of the world, including Asia, America, Australia, and Europe, irrespective of their income levels (Bray, 2009). As mentioned earlier, private tuitions vary across countries and cultures. Bray (2009) identified some important variations of what he called shadow education. Those are: Government-driven tutoring v/s market-driven tutoring Online tutoring v/s face-to-face tutoring Obligatory v/s voluntary tutoring Tutoring provided by professionals v/s untrained students One-on-one v/s large lectures tutoring style On an economic front, private tutoring implies more expenses for parents and additional income for tutors. Socially, it may increase pressures on family members and exacerbate inequalities but on the other hand may bring relief and support to some families (Bray, 2009). In countries like Korea, private tutoring is driven by a competitive environment. However, too much reliance on this system might seem unhealthy. In countries like France, private tutoring is mostly government-driven. Moreover, the government uses a tax system to encourage families to invest in tuitions. These contrasting cases allows for a distinction between private tuition as deeply ingrained in society and on the other hand as a useful tool (Bray, 2009). Private tutoring can also happen via the net. More commonly referred to as online tutoring, this form of tutoring is created by a virtual environment whereby teachers and students communicate via a screen. Compared to face-to-face tutoring, online tutoring is more flexible, in the sense that tuition materials can be pre-recorded, tutors are requested on demand and there are no geographical constraints. Online tutoring however has proved to be more effective for students who were prepared beforehand (Hedrick, 2009). On the other hand, face-to-face tutoring can allow for a correlation between actual syllabus and tuition material. These forms of tutoring might be beneficial for certain groups of people, based on important dimensions like income, gender, ethnicity, etc. While in some countries private tutoring is more of an academic routine, in others it is only a helping hand. In countries like Vietnam for instance, parents and childrens aspiration for a better future, that is finding a place in the competitive job market, has led private tuition to become a must. It is also important to consider that the culture in Vietnam dictates that hard work and good education is the basis of a good life. This would explain the high rate of 76% actually receiving private tuition (Dang, 2011). By contrast, in countries like France as stated above, private tuition is more or less encouraged and is generally viewed as a useful and promising. Since private tutoring, cast as shadow education is difficult to measure, there is no proper control on the matter. In more simple terms, anyone can be a private tutor. There is therefore the risk of encountering unqualified tutors. Parents usually employ a tutor based on word-of-mouth, that is from friends or acquaintances who previously trusted a particular tutor and were satisfied with the overall performance of their children. Private tutoring classes may vary from 1 to 40. While some teachers are perfectly comfortable in squeezing 40 pupils in a class after school hours, others prefer one-on-one sessions whereby the child can receive individual attention. 2.4 The prevalence of private tutoring across the globe, and its implications Private tuition is a worldwide educational phenomenon. It has been practiced for several years now. In fact, it has become part of the educational system to such an extent that nobody really questions its existence. An extreme case in Korea, reported that parents actually spend 150 % the sum that the government invest in education (Bray, 1999). In many countries, having a diploma doesnt weigh much. Moreover, the rapid developments in the labour market fuelled the demand for private tuitions. In addition, many teachers have established these tuitions as a means to generate more income. This to and fro cycle clearly underlies an extreme reliance on private tuitions. Millions of children across the world leave their schools without a break and rush to private supplementary tutoring as the bell rings. Sometimes, the private tutors are the very school teachers the children just had a class with. Many children also receive private tuitions on week-ends and holidays (Bray, 1999). Despite knowing the social and economic implications of these tuitions, not very much is done to try to regulate or change this system. Private tuitions seem to have an upper hand on the lives of many and people do not want to leave their comfort zone, because it would imply too big of a change to handle. Below is a table which indicates the prevalence of private tuitions in selected countries. Country Scale of private tutoring Sources Brazil A study in Rio de Janeiro public schools found that over 50% of students received tutoring and saw it as a way to reduce the likelihood of having to repeat grades Paiva et al., 1997 Cambodia Respondents in 31% of 77 primary schools surveyed in 1997/98 indicated that pupils received tutoring. Bray, 1996a; 1999 Egypt In 1991/92, 54% of 9000 Grade 5 pupils (300 schools) and 74% of 9000 Grade 8 pupils were receiving private tutoring. A 1994 survey of 4729 households found that 65% of urban primary children and 53% of rural ones had received tutoring. Fergany, 1994; Hua, 1996 Guinea A 1995/96 survey of Grade 6 pupils in two urban and four rural schools found 19% receiving private tutoring. Tembon et al, 1997 Hong Kong A 1996 survey of 507 students found 45% of primary, 26% of secondary, 34% of middle secondary, and 41% of upper secondary students receiving tutoring. Lee, 1996; Liu, 1998 Japan A 1993 survey found 24% of elementary pupils and 60 % of secondary pupils attending tuitions. Another 4% receiving tuitions at home. Nearly 70% of all students had received tutoring by the time they had completed middle school. Japan, 1995; Russell, 1997 Korea A 1997 survey indicated that in Seoul, 82% of elementary, 66% of middle and 59% of academic high school students received tutoring. In rural areas, proportions were 54%, 46% and 12%. Paik, 1998; see also Yoon et al., 1997 Malaysia In 1990, 8420 students were surveyed in secondary Forms 3, 5 and 6. Respective proportions receiving tutoring were 59%, 53% and 31%. About 83% of students had received some form of tutoring by the time they reached upper secondary level. Marimuthu et al., 1991 Malta A 1987/88 survey of 2129 pupils found that 52% of primary and 83% of secondary students had received tutoring at some time during their careers. In that year, 42% of Grade 6 and 77% OF Grade 11 pupils were receiving tutoring. Busuttil, 1988 Mauritius A 1991 survey showed 56% of students receiving tutoring in secondary Form 2. Proportions rose to 98% in Forms 3 and 4 and 100% in Form 5 and 6. A 1995 survey of 2919 Grade 6 pupils reported that 78% received extra tuitions. Foondun, 1998; Kulpoo, 1998 Morocco A 1993 survey of 1953 mainstream secondary science teachers indicated that 53% provided after-school tutoring. The lowest proportion (27%) was in the first year of secondary education, but the figure rose to 78% in the most senior grade. Caillods et al., 1998 Myanmar A 1991 survey of 118 Grade 9 and 10 students in Yangon Division found 91% receiving tutoring. Among 131 students in Grades 5-8, 66% received tutoring. Gibson, 1992 Singapore A 1992 survey of 1052 households plus interviews with 1261 students found 49% of primary pupils and 30% of secondary pupils receiving tutoring. Findings matched an earlier study of tutoring in languages among 572 primary and 581 secondary students. Kwan-Terry, 1991; George, 1992; Wong; Wong, 1998 Sri Lanka In 1990, 1873 students were surveyed in Years 6, 11 and 13. Proportions receiving tutoring in Years 6 and 11 were 80% and 75%. In Year 13 the proportions were 62% for arts students, 67% for commerce students and 92% for science students. De Silva et al., 1991; De Silva, 1994a Taiwan Government statistics indicate that in 1996, Taiwan had 4266 tutoring centres with 1,505,491 students. Other centres are unregistered and are illegal. A 1998 survey found 81% of 397 senior secondary students receiving private tutoring. Taiwan, 1997; Tseng, 1998 Tanzania A 1995/96 survey of Grade 6 pupils in three urban and four rural schools in mainland Tanzania found 26% receiving tutoring. In a Dar es Salaam school, 70% of Grade 6 pupils received tutoring in 1998. A 1995 survey of 2286 Grade 6 Zanzibar pupils found 44% receiving extra tuitions, though not all pupils paid for the classes. Peasgood et al., 1997; Nassor; Mohammed, 1998 Zimbabwe A 1995 survey of 2697 Grade 6 pupils in all nine regions reported that 61% received extra lessons. The regional range of proportions was from 36% to 74%. Machingaidze et al., 1998 Source: International Institute for Educational Planning, http://www.unesco,org/iiep Along with the expansion of the private tuition industry, came huge economic implications. For instance in Japan in the mid-90s, tutoring revenues accounted to $ 14,000, in Singapore households reported spending $ 200 million on private tutoring in 1992, in Egypt private tutoring cost accounted for 20% of total household expenditures and in the Republic of Korea $ 25, 000 million have been spent on private tuitions in 1996 (Bray, 1999). In addition to fees, parents had to add books, stationery and travel to the list. Private tutoring also bears an opportunity cost, mainly from the time children had to provide in lessons, preparations and travelling. According to a study by Marimuthu et al. in 1991, 70% of students receiving tutoring had to spend 3 hours per week to and from tutors, and 17% spent more than 6 hours (Bray, 199). Since tutoring is mainly a shadow activity, the government cannot exert any control on the amount of revenue received by tutors. The intensity of private tutoring also varies. Children in high-income countries would be expected to receive more tuitions than those in lower-income countries. In general, the subjects given more attention in private tuitions are those which are the most needed for educational and socio-economic advancement. For instance, demand for english tuitions was low in countries where English is spoken at home (Bray, 1999). The higher demand for tuitions in urban regions is normally due to competitive nature of urban life. Also, parents in urban society have higher educational backgrounds than those in rural societies and are thus better off and can afford tuition fees. Private tutoring, in different forms, is practiced in almost every country. This certainly gives an overview of the importance attributed to tuitions. While the impacts of private tuitions are debatable, we should perhaps reflect on the lasting consequences of such practices on our young brains and future society. 2.5 The good side to private tuitions Private tuitions may be considered as a good thing in that it provides an income to many teachers, who are very often underpaid and also to university students who teach on a part-time basis to cover their fees. For instance, in Sri Lanka, a good private tutor earned up to 130 USD per month in 2007, which is equivalent to one months pay for only 4 days of work (Borodchuk, 2011). Parents invest huge amounts in private tuitions yearly, because its the only option they have in securing their childrens future in terms of the best possible preparation to eventually gain access to prestigious schools or universities, and get the best jobs (Bray, 1999). Through these private tuition sessions, children get the opportunity to better grasp lessons which they previously didnt understand at school due to various reasons. Each pupil has his/her own learning speed, and very often classes are filled with up to 40 students which can render things difficult for the latter in receiving personal attention. Thus private tuition is an outlet for a more interactive class. More positively, it is a mechanism through which current students can extend their knowledge and gain human capital, which eventually benefits the society as well as themselves. This can allow for opportunities to work abroad; i.e. to travel, meet people from different culture, gain experience which is in itself a challenge to ones potential. Private tutoring may also reduce the workload of teachers in a way, since the major teachings are effectuated at school (Bray, 1999). Therefore, the job of private tutors is to supplement the school syllabus. The situation can also be reversed, in the sense that mainstream teachers have less to do, since students rely more on private tuitions, thus pay less attention to school lessons. Mainstream teachers usually benefit from this situation and work for namesake and still receive a salary at the end of the month. According to Ireson and Rushforth (2004), the main reason for students to take tuitions was to pass the examinations. Private tuitions were also very important in case the child missed school. According to their study of the British education system, Ireson and Rushforth also found out that most secondary students took private tuitions to improve their GCSE grades, especially in Mathematics. Tuitions were in this case were helpful in making a successful transmission to higher levels of education. Private tuitions can also be considered as a constructive way of engaging students after school hours. Some parents even report sending their children to tuition because they are not around when the child gets back from school (Borodchuk, 2011). 2.6 The other side of the coin Private tuitions have potential negative implications. In many countries, parents and educators are seriously concerned about the extent to which private tutoring is dominating the lives of pupils and their families (Bray, 2007). Private tuitions do not only affect the social and economic structure of a country but can have considerable impact on the psychological well-being of the child. This can affect the latters academic performance and can impede his/her healthy development. Over-reliance on private tuitions has also affected overall mainstream education. Private tutoring thus affects: the mainstream system Private tutoring also affects the dynamics of teaching and learning in the mainstream curriculum. For instance, mainstream teachers are not required to work hard because every pupil receives tuitions. Moreover, this enlarges the gap in the classroom between quick (generally those taking tuitions) and slow learners. In cases where the mainstream teacher is the private tutor as well, those not receiving tuitions may find themselves lagging behind. This pressurizes parents to invest in tutoring regardless of their financial status or their beliefs (Bray, 2003). According to Yasmeens culture of dependency, most students tend to rely explicitly on private tutors. This includes dependence on homework and even exam tips. Hussein points out that tutoring has caused students to lose interest in mainstream classes. Students have even reached the point of thinking that private tutors are better, since they are paid. So they attend school only when stipulated by school regulations. Hussein also report that the rate of absentees has risen, more particularly two months before the end of the semester, during which the child stays at home in the morning and att

Communication in Health Care Essay -- Healthcare Communication

Introduction This is an analysis of a taped interview between a nurse and a patient who is taking pre-employment medicals. The information given during the interview, including her name, Pink Cloud is fictitious because of the need of confidentiality. During the interview, objective and subjective data will be collected. The areas of communication focused on in the analysis are verbal, questioning and listening skills. Analysis will be made and later suggestions and recommendations will be made on how to make improvements in the future. To achieve this, direct quotations from the will be used to make references to the three theories being analysed and will be supported by the literature. Analysis of the interview An interview is a planned interpersonal conversation with a purpose between two people who interact largely through a question and answer format to achieve specific goals. Verbal communication is a way in which people communicate face to face. The key components of verbal communication are words and phrases, intonation and clarity and brevity. Different words and phrases have different meanings. The denotation meaning is shared by individuals who share a common language while connotative meaning is the interpretation of a word’s meaning influenced by feeling and thoughts of people. Therefore, Nurses should carefully select words that cannot be interpreted, especially when explaining a client’s medical condition (Taylor & Crisp, 2006). Additionally, other concepts of verbal communication skills such as questioning and probing, paraphrasing and understanding are used when talking to patients. Questioning and probing is where various types of questions and statements... ...Apler, J. P. (2006). Professional nurse communications skills sets in health care team interactions. Journal of Professional Nursing , 22 (2), 180-189. Boyler, D. &. (2004). Enhancing collaborative communication of Nurded and Psysican Leadership. Journal of Nursing Administartion , 34 (2), 60-70. Dixon, J. &. (2006). Skilled communication:making it real.Advances in critical care. Journal of Continuing Education In Nursing , 17 (4), 376-382. Robertson, K. (2004). Active listening:more than just paying attention. Australia: Australian Family Pysician. Roter, D. (2004). The enduring and evolving nature of the patient-physician relationship. Journal of clinical oncology , 22 (13), 10-15. Stein-Parbury, J. (2009). Patient and person. New York:Churchill Livingstone. Taylor & Crisp. (2006). Fundamental of Nursing. Sydney , New south wales, Australia: Vaughn Curtis.

Family Planning Will Prevent Child Abuse :: Prevenintg Child Abuse

Child abuse is one of the biggest problems facing America today. Children whose parents abuse them often turn to a life of crime, or suffer physical or mental scars. In severe cases the child may even die. In Saint Louis a boy was attacked by a pack of dogs, after he had finished playing basketball at the local court. If his mother had reported him missing he may have been found in time to rescue him, instead he bled to death under a tree. (Davis 3A) Of course this is an extreme case of child abuse, and it is often not this severe. The best way to prevent child neglect is to start family planning at an earlier age. It is tough for many people to understand why anyone would abuse a child, but it happens more than people think. Intergenerational transmission of violence is a major cause of child abuse. Children who were abused when they were young are more likely to be abusive when they grow up and have children. (Compton?s 1) Some studies have shown that thirty percent of abused children grow up to be abusive parents. Children who were not abused and grow up to have children are much less likely to be abusive parents, only two to three percent of people will be abusive. (Child Abuse and Neglect 1) People would tend to question why a child who knows how hard it was when they were young would grow up and do this to their child. Children grow up thinking that everything their parents do is right. The problem is when these children are abused they don?t often learn that it is the wrong thing to do, and will be more likely to abuse their children. (Compton?s 1) Stress can be a cause of child abuse as well. Parents who don?t know how to handle stress will often lash out, and become abusive to their children. Stress can be brought on from a variety of places. Common stress factors are unemployment, illness, drug abuse, poor housing, larger than average family size, death, or the presence of a new baby. (Compton?s 1) A large number of cases of child abuse come from families living in poverty, poverty can cause or result of any one of the most common stress factors. (Child Abuse and Neglect 2) When people are under stress they often will lash out at their kids for the littlest incident, if this happens too much they may start to physically abuse their kids.